Empowerment of Korean Medical Association with KMA Policy system developing

Recently, the Korean Medical Association (KMA) launched the KMA Policy system based upon the American Medical Association (AMA) Policy system. The KMA's official positions on health issues and medical ethics, as well as its constitution, bylaws, and directives, will be included in the KMA Policy system. The AMA's organizational structure and decision making process provided essential information for developing the KMA Policy system. Through the KMA Policy system, hereafter, the KMA should introduce a procedure not only to decide upon positions on various health issues but also a means to open them to the public. In addition, the KMA can expect the continuity and transparency of work, enhanced benefits to members, public credibility, and growth of its social reputation by means of KMA Policy. Furthermore, the system would be beneficial for both KMA members and the public, as they can easily access KMA Policy, and, in turn, access the healthcare systems of Korea and its medical knowledge. To achieve a successful KMA Policy system, the definite authority and responsibility should be granted to the organizational bodies of the KMA, for example, the House of Delegates and Board of Trustees, and the regional societies and other sections. These various groups must then efficiently divide up their work and cooperate systematically. Moreover, it is crucial that each individual member of the KMA pay much more attention to health issues and participate in the decision making process on KMA Policy.

Auditing Knowledge toward Leveraging Organizational IQ in Healthcare Organizations / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVES: In this study, a knowledge audit was conducted based on organizational intelligence quotient (OIQ) principles of Iran's Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) to determine levers that can enhance OIQ in healthcare. METHODS: The mixed method study was conducted within the MOHME. The study population consisted of 15 senior managers and policymakers. A tool based on literature review and panel expert opinions was developed to perform a knowledge audit. RESULTS: The significant results of this auditing revealed the following: lack of defined standard processes for organizing knowledge management (KM), lack of a knowledge map, absence of a trustee to implement KM, absence of specialists to produce a knowledge map, individuals' unwillingness to share knowledge, implicitness of knowledge format, occasional nature of knowledge documentation for repeated use, lack of a mechanism to determine repetitive tasks, lack of a reward system for the formation of communities, groups and networks, non-updatedness of the available knowledge, and absence of commercial knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of the audit findings revealed that three levers for enhancing OIQ, including structure and process, organizational culture, and information technology must be created or modified.

Auditing Knowledge toward Leveraging Organizational IQ in Healthcare Organizations / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVES: In this study, a knowledge audit was conducted based on organizational intelligence quotient (OIQ) principles of Iran's Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) to determine levers that can enhance OIQ in healthcare. METHODS: The mixed method study was conducted within the MOHME. The study population consisted of 15 senior managers and policymakers. A tool based on literature review and panel expert opinions was developed to perform a knowledge audit. RESULTS: The significant results of this auditing revealed the following: lack of defined standard processes for organizing knowledge management (KM), lack of a knowledge map, absence of a trustee to implement KM, absence of specialists to produce a knowledge map, individuals' unwillingness to share knowledge, implicitness of knowledge format, occasional nature of knowledge documentation for repeated use, lack of a mechanism to determine repetitive tasks, lack of a reward system for the formation of communities, groups and networks, non-updatedness of the available knowledge, and absence of commercial knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of the audit findings revealed that three levers for enhancing OIQ, including structure and process, organizational culture, and information technology must be created or modified.

[ responsiveness of board of trustees hospitals according to the world bank's organizational reform model In Isfahan]

Transforming government hospitals into autonomous units improved hospitals. This study was performed to evaluate the responsiveness of board of trustees hospital according to the world bank's organizational reform model [Preker Model] in Isfahan city. The study was a qualitative research method. In this research, depth and semi-structured interviews were carried out and purposive sampling was used. The study population were top managers of Amin and Alzahra hospitals. Sampling was started with the first participant until saturated level of information, participants completed the 8 cases. According to interviews, the current role and contribution of non-university institutions [e.g. municipalities representatives] in hospital board of trustees is neither bold nor transparent. These hospitals can address minimum changes in their mechanisms of accountability after developing board of trustees. It is rational for hospitals as they undergo organizational reform and developing board of trustees, to have more rights for decision making. Further more, their accountability mechanism should change accordingly

Desafios para o controle social: subsídios para capacitação de conselheiros de saúde / Challenges for the social control: subsidies for qualification of health trustees

As reflexões sobre o tema apresentadas no livro Que Controle Social?. Na busca do fortalecimento do controle social na política de saúde, a autora amplia o referencial teórico na discussão sobre o tema e apresenta propostas de organização de oficinas para capacitação de conselheiros, baseadas em metodologia participativa

Reflexos da capacitação na atuação dos conselheiros de saúde / Impacts of training programs on the performance of health council members

Este artigo trata da importância da capacitação de conselheiros de saúde para o fortalecimento do controle social no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), destacando a metodologia participativa como a mais adequada para este processo. Demonstra, por meio de dados de pesquisa com Conselhos/conselheiros, os reflexos positivos dessa capacitação na atuação dos mesmos.

Novas estratégias em educaçäo: avaliaçäo da técnica Tribunal do Júri na capacitaçäo de conselheiros na área de saúde da mulher em Santa Catarina, Brasil / New educational strategies: evaluation of the Jury Trial technique for training council members in women's health in Santa Catarina, Brazil

Descreve-se e avalia-se a técnica Tribunal do Júri, instrumento educativo inovador utilizado em uma oficina piloto sobre Controle Social e Gênero para conselheiros de saúde da Grande Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Estudaram-se sua confiabilidade e validade utilizando a opiniäo dos participantes complementado com observaçäo qualitativa dos trabalhos. Houve unanimidade na aceitaçäo da técnica por parte dos conselheiros pela "aquisiçäo de conhecimentos" e "por ser participativa, democrática e dinâmica". A avaliaçäo positiva coincide com trabalho anterior feito com secretários municipais, notando-se menor preferência por atividades cognitivas formais que também compunham a oficina. Conclui-se reforçando a importância do uso dessa inovaçäo em capacitações, por ser aceita por públicos distintos, permitir o mapeamento de conteúdo programático e ser útil face a temáticas novas e polêmicas ao favorecer vivências práticas e reflexivas

O diálogo e a participaçäo em um conselho de saúde em Santa Catarina, Brasil / Dialogue and participation in a local health council in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil

Ainda que costumemos acreditar que participaçäo implica necessariamente em diálogo, a prática concreta nos mostra que seus caminhos podem ser divergentes. Neste estudo, realizado em um Conselho de Saúde de um município catarinense foram analisados, a partir de 39 atas de reuniöes, os mecanismos e estratégias discursivas que aparecem como "obstrutores" do diálogo, que como constatamos, permanece ausente apesar de se tratar de uma instância participativa. Dentre essas estratégias foram isoladas algumas expressöes que Umberto Eco chamou de "hipercodificaçöes", cuja funçäo no conselho parece ser a de fechar qualquer debate. As hipercodificaçöes encontradas foram expressöes do jargäo técnico, administrativo e político. Mediante essas estratégias discursivas utilizadas, observamos que a linguagem é usada como um ardil que fecha as possibilidades de interlocuçäo democrática, truncando o diálogo. Desse modo, há pouca transitividade nos poderes dos diversos segmentos no conselho estudado, os quais acabam se concentrando principalmente no segmento governamental

Construindo o controle social e a cidadania em uma experiência concreta: o Conselho Municipal de Saúde (CMS) de Ribeirão Preto (SP) / Building social control and citizenship in a concrete experience: the Municipal Health Council (CMS) of Ribierão preto (SP)

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a experiência do Conselho Municipal de Saúde (CMS) de Ribeirão Preto, de 1991 a 1998. Construiu-se o quadro teórico a partir dos princípios da Reforma Sanitária Brasileira e da aprovação das Leis do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Utilizamos análise documental e entrevistas com Conselheiros e ex-Secretários de Saúde e por meio de análise temática identificamos limites e potencialidades da participação social na construção do controle social e da cidadania. Limites: exercem o controle social e a cidadania, parcialmente, deliberando sem discussões prévias e sem autonomia no uso dos recursos financeiros do SUS. Potencialidade: têm no CMS o fórum político legítimo, para deliberar as diretrizes da saúde municipal.

Relatório de avaliaçäo do Programa de Capacitaçäo para Conselheiros Municipais de Säo Gonçalo / Relatory of evaluating of Capacitation Programm to São Gonçalo municipal counselors

Relata que, entre os entraves à ação dos conselhos, está o relacionamento dos diversos segmentos que os compõem, onde cada integrante se apresenta com noções diferenciadas acerca tanto de questões técnicas, relativas ao seu papel na gestão pública, quanto da própria visão de democracia direta e cidadania. Acha que propostas que busquem a capacitação desses atores, no sentido de discutir seu papel e sua atuação, são de grande relevância para potencializar a ação dos Conselhos. Discorre sobre o Programa de Capacitação para Conselheiros Municipais de São Gonçalo, o qual tem como prioridade a socialização do conhecimento para o exercício do controle social pela população, em defesa da atuação do poder público transparente e eficiente na alocação de recursos. Relata que a inovaçao do programa se encontra no fato que o mesmo trabalha a capacitação de forma intersetorial, propiciando uma reflexão mais complexa das políticas públicas.

Perspective of The Korean Society of Pathologists

Only since the introduction of western medicine by Japanese officials and American missionaries in the late 1890's, has the Pathology in its modern concept been considered a major part of basic science in medical schools in Korea, after its role as a hospital service had long been ignored. Limited service of tissue diagnosis on surgical material was the only service performed. Professor Inamoto was the first Japanese pathologist to come to Korea and set up a Pathology Department at the Chosun Chongdogbu Hospital in 1913, and Dr. Mills appears to be the first American hospital pathologist who worked at Severance Hospital in 1913 practicing bacteriology and parasitology as well as lecturing pathology at the medical school. Korea was annexed by Japan from 1910 to 1945. The Korean Society of Pathologists (The former Chosun Society of Pathology) was founded on October 1, 1946, during the turmoil after the end of the Second World War and liberation from Japanese occupation. Only a handful of pathologists gathered for the delivery of the Society. The purpose of the Society was to study, research and exchange information and knowledge in the field of Pathology among its members. Since 1947 the Society had held regular annual academic meetings. In 1950 the Korean War occurred and the Korean Society of Pathologists (KSP) had to restart after the war. The still existing Monthly Slide Conference started in 1959, and the Pathology specialist system was adopted in 1963. There had been a considerable confusion during the adoption period of the pathology specialist system in this country, mainly because of the confused concept of the term "clinical pathology". In its start three categories, i.e., anatomic pathology, clinical pathology, and combined anatomic and clinical pathology were opened. However, the combined training program was eliminated in 1975, which eventually resulted in the separation of clinical pathologists from the KSP to found a new society of Clinical Pathology in 1980 against the advice of the KSP. The first official Journal of the Society, The Korean Journal of Pathology was launched in 1967, marking the 20th anniversary of the Society. It started as a biannual Journal and became a quarterly in 1977. In 1991 the Journal became a bimonthly periodical, and since 1996 the Society issues 12 volumes a year. From 1976, academic activity of the Society was expanded by opening its Spring Meeting in addition to the conventional annual Fall Meeting. In 1992 the Society adopted board of trustee system, providing a fresh blood transfusion. In 1996, the Society commemorated its 50th Anniversary, and published a record book, "The First Fifty Years of The Korean Society of Pathologists". As of December 1996, the Society has a total membership of 500 and 7 special study groups The Society holds 2 annual meetings, monthly slide conferences, several long and short courses, and workshops every year. Approximately 400 papers have been presented each year at the annual meetings. Approximately 350 anatomic pathologists work at hospitals, and a additional 50 pathologists are engaged in full time research at the Department of Pathology in medical schools and other research institutes. As we turn the first half century of founding the Korean Society of Pathologists we realize that we have to be well prepared for various expected and unexpected situations in the future. Enforcement of research pathology at medical schools appears to be the most urgent and important issue. For this purpose, the concept of basic pathology, research pathology, and hospital pathology (surgical pathology) should be clearly established. We also have to clearly define the differnece between anatomic pathology and clinical pathology in this country. At present, the clinical pathology stands alone without any collaboration with the KSP in terms of training program, specialty qualification and hospital practice. Undergraduate pathology education is another issue that we have to pay special attention. The number of full time research pathologists should be increased, and their active and dominant participation in the Society are needed. As the demand for the knowledge and promotions of special field of pathology increases, establishment of additional study group should be encouraged. And if the requirements are met, founding a new Special Pathology Society could also be encouraged. However, the basic skeleton and executive power of the KSP in training residents, qualifying specialty or subspecialty, and in representing the entire pathology field should be maintained and strictly enforced. Hospital pathology has been a dominant drive of the KSP for the last 35 years since the adoption of specialty system. The term, "Diagnostic Pathology" appears to be a term that can replace "Anatomic Pathology", "Surgical Pathology", or "Tissue Pathology" in this country. In future the demand of diagnostic pathology particularly endoscopy biopsy diagnosis, cytological diagnosis and evaluation of surgical operation would be greatly increased. Therefore, we have to be ready for the requirements of professional diagnostician in various fields of pathology as well as overall general diagnostic pathologist. Subspecialty qualification could be expected around the year 2005, when the membership of the Society is expected to be 700. The Korean Journal of Pathology has yet to be improved. It should contain more basic research articles produced by full-time basic pathology researchers. Papers related to hospital pathology (diagnostic pathology) including cytopathology should pursure not only originality but also its practical importance in our situation in this country. The Korean Journal of Pathology should aim for its acception and inclusion in international indexing system in near future.